Robots pave the way for human cosmic exploration
While the world is captivated by the ongoing issues with the International Space Station or Boeing's Starliner spacecraft, unmanned probes are diligently exploring the cosmos. Although they do not ignite as much excitement as astronauts working in orbit, we owe most of our knowledge about the nearby universe to these probes.
When humanity held its breath during the Apollo 11 mission and the live broadcast of the Eagle's landing on the Moon's surface, only a small group of insiders realised that the Russians had already been there. The crater left by the Luna 15 probe was evidence of their visit.
The Soviets, who for years dominated the space race, made a risky decision upon learning of the progress in the American lunar programme. Just before the Americans' flight, they launched their own mission to the Moon. The Luna 15 probe was supposed to collect regolith samples and return them to Earth.
If the mission had succeeded, the Russians could have celebrated a triumph – achieving what NASA required three astronauts for at every stage of the Apollo mission, risking their lives, with less cost, more simplicity, and without endangering human lives.
However, the Luna 15 mission ended in complete (though carefully concealed from the world) failure. The manned missions to the Moon overshadowed all previous successes and achievements, and astronauts gained fame akin to modern-day gladiators, inspiring an entire generation.
When thinking about space exploration, we still envision the iconic scenes of the Moon landing, the multi-foot jumps of astronauts on the surface of the Silver Globe, and the memorable words about a small step for man, but a giant leap for mankind.
Space scouts
From a historical perspective, regarding manned space missions, the Soviets were right. The Apollo programme resulted in significant technological progress, but from the perspective of science, astronauts on the Moon's surface did not accomplish much more than various machines could have. Their success was primarily a political triumph, an image victory for the United States and NASA.
A similar viewpoint is expressed by Dr Kelly Weinersmith, cited by the BBC, a biologist from Rice University in Texas and co-author of the popular science book "A City on Mars," dedicated to the colonisation of the Red Planet.
Robots: The vanguard of humanity
It's no surprise, then, that most of our knowledge about our cosmic neighbourhood has so far been supplied by unmanned missions. Probes sent from Earth have visited all the planets of the Solar System – even the distant Uranus, Neptune, and the dwarf planet Pluto have been explored thanks to the flybys of the Voyager 2 probe (Uranus and Neptune) and New Horizons (Pluto).
As for the furthest planets, we have only flown past them for now. Around others – like Mercury with the ongoing BepiColombo mission, Saturn with the Cassini probe, or Jupiter with the Juno probe (and soon also JUICE and Europa Clipper) – orbiters are circling. These missions allow not only for the study of the planets themselves but also their moons.
On the two closest planets – Venus and Mars – Earth probes have already landed (the first successful landing on Venus by the Venera 7 mission took place back in 1970), and the surface of the latter, like that of the Moon, has been and continues to be traversed by rovers.
Mars research will soon reach a new level with the success of the Mars Sample Return mission. This is thanks to NASA's planned Mars Sample Return mission, aimed at retrieving samples collected on Mars by the Perseverance rover and bringing them to Earth.
First machines, then people
However, the capabilities of space machines – especially those operating in the complex environment that is the surface of distant planets – are limited by physics. Sending a radio signal from Mars to Earth results in a roughly 11-minute delay. Sending a response message takes another 11 minutes.
A delay of more than 20 minutes when manually controlling requires careful planning and completely rules out quick responses to changing conditions.
Even in the case of a Martian disaster, we would only learn about it many minutes later. The chance to change this situation – and at the same time significantly increase transmission speed – is offered by laser communication, but even the speed of light does not eliminate delays.
The future of unmanned missions is thus increasingly greater autonomy of the machines sent from Earth, their ability to react independently, make decisions, and optimise actions.
The exploration of our planet's neighbourhood, carried out by probes, orbiters, landers, and rovers, is merely an introduction to colonisation and – where possible – the construction of permanent bases.
Probably soon, with the implementation of the Artemis programme, we will witness not only a return to the Moon but also a permanent settlement of humans on it. Mars is next in line.
In each case, we can be sure, however, that – before any manned mission is sent anywhere, astronauts, cosmonauts, or taikonauts will be preceded by machines, gathering data without which our species' cosmic expansion would be impossible.
