Converging fates: How breeding is reshaping pets' anatomy
Dogs and cats are becoming anatomically similar, or at least that is what the latest research suggests. Experts agree that selective breeding has a range of consequences for their health and welfare. So, what is happening to our pets?
Domestication and breeding aim to emphasise desirable physical or character traits. Generally, these actions lead to greater species diversity across many aspects. According to the Science Alert portal, research indicates that many breeds of dogs and cats subjected to selective breeding are alarmingly becoming similar. Abby Grace Drake and her team highlight that although our pets are evolutionarily separated by over 50 million years, it turns out that many breeds of cats and dogs exhibit undesirable anatomical similarities, such as resembling skull shapes.
The phenomenon of convergence in evolution is a process where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits due to similar environmental conditions or lifestyles. This does not arise from a common ancestor but from independent adaptation to similar challenges. This process is evident in domesticated dogs and cats. Selective breeding by humans over the years has led to certain breeds, such as Persian cats and pugs, possessing similar skull structures.
Selective breeding affects animal health
Selective breeding favours specific physical or behavioural traits in animals, and such actions significantly impact animal health and welfare. A limited gene pool in bred breeds increases the risk of genetic defects and hereditary diseases, such as joint dysplasia, heart disease, or epilepsy. Animals with flattened faces, like pugs or bulldogs, suffer from chronic breathing difficulties, overheating, and may face issues with eating and birthing. Reports by the UK's Animal Welfare Committee from 2024 show that features deemed visually attractive, such as very large eyes, short coats, or excess skin folds, often lead to pain or infections. Consequently, many purebred dogs and cats live shorter lives and experience lower quality of life compared to non-purebred animals.
Regulation needed immediately
The Animal Welfare Committee is calling for stricter regulations on breeding to prevent further animal suffering. Without changes, many popular breeds will continue to endure health problems.
Reforming the selective breeding of dogs and cats is essential, as it protects animals from suffering caused by irresponsible breeding practices. Lack of oversight also encourages pseudo-breeding motivated solely by profit, where animals are kept in poor conditions and treated as commodities. Appropriate regulations based on animal welfare and veterinary expertise will help reduce suffering, improve the quality of life for purebred animals, and ensure a more ethical and responsible approach to their reproduction.
