New pope's insignia: Embracing simplicity over opulence
White smoke rose from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, signalling to the entire world that the conclave has concluded. However, before the new Bishop of Rome officially begins his service, he receives a set of symbolic items—known as the papal insignia. These emphasise his spiritual authority and the continuation of a tradition dating back to the time of St. Peter.
Here is what the new pope receives and what each element signifies.
The pallium – a sign of the good shepherd
A narrow, white band with six black crosses—this is the pallium. Made from the wool of sheep blessed during the feast of St. Agnes, it is kept in the Vatican. It is placed on the pope's shoulders during the inaugural Mass at St. Peter's Square.
This is not just a decoration. The pallium symbolises care for the faithful, akin to that of a good shepherd. The black threads remind us of Christ's passion, and the material of gentleness. It's worth noting that since the pontificate of Benedict XVI, the pallium has a simplified appearance—less ornate than in the Middle Ages.
The Fisherman's Ring – the personal signet of each pope
A gold signet featuring St. Peter casting nets and the new pope's name is called the Fisherman's Ring (Anulus Piscatoris). Each pontificate has its unique version. The ring is given to the pope during the inauguration. When his service ends—due to death or resignation—the ring is destroyed. Today, however, as in the time of Benedict XVI, it is not completely shattered, only cut.
The symbolism is clear: it is a sign of spiritual authority and succession from the apostle Peter—the "fisher of men." Interestingly, Pope Francis opted for simplicity—instead of heavy gold, he chose a simpler, gold-plated ring. Italian media, such as La Repubblica, saw this as a statement of Francis's style. What will the new pope decide?
Papal garments – simplicity or tradition?
Immediately after being chosen, in the so-called Room of Tears, the newly elected pope dons special garments. These include:
- a white cassock—a symbol of purity, sewn by the renowned Gammarelli establishment,
- a red cape (mozzetta)—formerly trimmed with ermine, Francis wore a more modest one,
- a white zucchetto—a small, round cap,
- red shoes—although today, popes more often opt for everyday black footwear.
The pope's attire is not just a matter of aesthetics—it signifies his unique role. White symbolises holiness, and red symbolises martyrdom. The garments are worn even before the new pope's first appearance on the basilica balcony.
The pectoral cross – a cross that says it all
A cross hung on a cord—the so-called pectoral—is another element of the insignia. It is usually made of gold or silver, although Francis used a simple, iron cross that accompanied him in Buenos Aires.
The pectoral reminds us of Christ's cross and the pope's mission to carry it in his daily ministry. It is worn in the Room of Tears or before the inaugural Mass, depending on the preferences of the new head of the Church.
The throne and keys – symbols that aren't handed over
Although the famous sedan chair—sedia gestatoria—became history with John Paul I, the pope sits during ceremonies in a special chair. It symbolises authority, although it is no longer part of a fixed ritual.
The keys of St. Peter, on the other hand—a sign of the power "to bind and to loose" in the Church—are not physically handed over. They appear as elements of the papal coat of arms and are present on Vatican flags. They refer to the words of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew: "I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven."
Francis changed the symbolism – less opulence, more simplicity
"Il Messaggero" and "Avvenire" note that papal insignia are evolving. Pope Francis set an example of a new approach—eschewing ornate furs and gold in favour of simpler forms. According to commentators, this was an expression of the idea of a "poor Church for the poor."
"Avvenire" emphasises that despite their roots in tradition, the insignia are now tailored to the personality and spiritual mission of the pope. Their meaning thereby becomes even more poignant.
