Robo-dogs and drones: Ukraine tests futuristic battlefield tactics
Scenes that until recently seemed to belong to the realm of science fiction are becoming a reality in the context of the war in Ukraine. Alongside the widespread use of drones, walking robots are entering the battlefield. As captured by cameras, these robots are being delivered by other unmanned machines.
A short film shared by Ukrainians documents an experiment involving a drone and a walking robot. We see the unmanned aerial vehicle taking off with an attached robotic "dog", then descending and dropping its cargo from a low height. The robot falls but soon gets up and starts moving.
The test aimed to assess the feasibility of transporting machines by other machines in wartime conditions and rapidly delivering robots to the front line or isolated units. As illustrated in the film, the experiment conducted in controlled, safe conditions was successful. What specific machines were involved?
Baba Yaga – the flying terror of the Russians
According to the ZBiAM service, the hexacopter is likely a Baba Yaga-type drone. These large unmanned aerial vehicles can carry a payload of 12–20 kilograms depending on conditions.
The drone can fly to and return from a place up to 12 kilometres away, aided by its high resilience to Russian electronic warfare systems, as claimed by the Ukrainians.
Due to its significant payload capacity, this type of machine has become popular as a strike drone, attacking Russians using transported mortar shells with an 82 or 120-mm calibre, as well as modified anti-tank grenade launcher projectiles equipped with single or tandem HEAT warheads.
A modification also allows Baba Yaga to be used with precision weapons. For this purpose, the drone was equipped with a laser target designator and part of a guided anti-tank missile (a head with a guidance system). Equipped in this manner, the drone can effectively attack pinpoint targets while staying out of range of small arms fire by using its high flight altitude.
Unitree Go2 – meant to educate, became a soldier
The load carried by the Baba Yaga in the video is likely a Unitree Go2 robot dog. This is a popular commercial walking platform in its class—in the basic variant, the robot is available in Poland for around €3,116.
The machine is 0.7 metres long and 0.4 metres high. It weighs 15 kilograms and can carry an 8-kilogram load (overloaded, which affects factors like operating time—even 12 kilograms). The robot can move at 9 to 18 kilometres per hour, and its battery lasts (depending on the version) for 1-4 hours of operation.
The Unitree Go2 owes its situational awareness to sensors like LIDAR (doubled in some variants), a high-resolution wide-angle camera, a depth sensor, and a pressure sensor.
The robot is equipped with a full set of wireless communication modules (WiFi, Bluetooth, 4G), lighting, and microphones that enable voice recognition, among other things. It can be fitted with an additional arm with a gripper that can carry up to 0.5 kilograms.
The Unitree Go2 was developed as a teaching aid for the educational market, but thanks to its versatility, it has found applications in many other fields. Ukrainian soldiers use these machines for patrol tasks.
Walking robots in the military
Due to their capabilities, walking robots, exemplified by the Unitree Go2, are increasingly being used by the armed forces of various countries. Although they are much slower than wheeled or tracked machines, their legs' significant range of motion enables them to traverse uneven, obstacle-filled terrain and use stairs.
Leading manufacturers like Boston Dynamics, ANYbotics, and Unitree have committed not to use their developed machines for weapon production. Despite this, even unarmed walking robots prove useful for the military, although their implementation faces challenges.
The US Army's tests on "mules"—transport machines also known as Alpha Dog—failed a decade ago. Although the robots' terrain capabilities were high and the 180 kilograms of cargo they carried provided significant assistance to soldiers, the power supply was an issue.
For longer tasks, batteries were insufficient, and petrol engines were too noisy.
Despite these setbacks, walking machines—such as the Ghost Robotics Vision 60—are increasingly used as mobile sentries for patrolling airports and military bases. An example is these machines' service in the US Air Force and the Japan Self-Defense Forces, where they were equipped with a high-power LRAD loudspeaker system, among other things.
Tests are also being conducted on walking robots equipped with various weapons, such as sniper rifles (SPUR combat robots) and automatic firearms or even – as in experiments conducted by the US Marines – anti-tank grenade launchers. So far, however, no reports have been of such machines being used in combat.
